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Master of Arts(masterarts,master arts)A master's degree is an academic degree usuallyawarded for completion of a postgraduate course of one or two years induration. In the UK it is sometimes awarded for an undergraduate coursewhose final year consists of higher-level courses and a major research project.
MA, MS, MScThe Master of Arts and Master of Science degrees are the basic type in most subjects and may be entirelycourse-based, entirely research-based or a mixture. The Master's degree is intermediate between a bachelor's degree and a doctorate . In some fields, one customarily earns a masters before a doctorate; in others, work on a doctoratebegins immediately after a bachelor's degree. MEdMaster of Education degrees are similar to MA, MS and MSc where the subject studied is education . In the United States some states licence teachers with a bachelor's degree but require a master's within a set number of years as continuingeducation. United KingdomUndergraduate Masters(MSci, MChem, MComp, MEng, MMath, MPhys, etc.) In the UK , manyuniversities now have a four year undergrad programme in science courses, with a project in the final year. The awards for theseare named after the subject, so a course in mathematics would earn aMaster of Mathematics degree, abbreviated to MMath), or have a general title such as MSci (Masterin Science at most universities but Master of Natural Sciences at Cambridge). Although these degrees reflect ahigher level of achievement than the traditional bachelor'sdegree , some are generally considered to rank below postgraduate master's degrees such as MSc and MA. Postgraduate Masters(MSc, MA) These can either be "taught" degrees, involving lectures, examination and a short dissertation, or "research"degrees (though the latter have largely been replaced by MPhil and MRes programmes, see below). Taught masters' programmesinvolve 1 or 2 years full-time study. The programmes are often very intensive and demanding, and concentrate on one veryspecialised area of knowledge. Some universities also offer a Masters byLearning Contract scheme, where a candidate can specify his or her own learning objectives; these are submitted tosupervising academics for approval, and are assessed by means of written reports, practical demonstrations and presentations. Until recently, both the undergraduate and postgraduate masters degrees were awarded without grade or class (like the class ofa bachelor's degree). Nowadays however, masters degrees are classified into the categories of Pass, Merit and Distinction. MPhil and MResThe Master of Philosophy is a research degree awarded for the completion of a thesis. It is a shorter version of the PhD and some universities routinely enter potential PhD students into the MPhil programme andallow them to upgrade to the full PhD programme a year or two into the course. The Master of Research degree is a morestructured and organised version of the MPhil, usually designed to prepare a student for a career in research. For example, anMRes may combine individual research with periods of work placement in research establisments. Like the PhD, the MPhil and MRes degrees are awarded without class or grade. MAs in Oxford, Cambridge and DublinThe universities of Oxford , Cambridge and Dublin award master's degrees to BAs without further examination, when a certain number of years after matriculation (7 in the case of Oxford) have passed, and upon payment ofa nominal fee. It is commonplace for recipients of the degree to have graduated several years previously and to have had littleofficial contact with the university or academic life since then. The only real significance of these degrees is that theyhistorically conferred voting rights in University elections, and certain other privileges e.g. the right to dine at high table.For the purpose of comparison, they are considered equivalent to BA/BSc degrees of other universities. The MAs awarded by Oxfordand Cambridge are colloquially known as the Oxbridge MA. The University of Cambridge also offers an MA to seniorstaff both academic and non academic after five years employment with the university, Until the advent of the modern research university in the mid 19th century, several other British and American universitiesalso gave such degrees "in course". Scottish MAAlthough the science faculties of Scottish universities award the BSc degree, the standard first degree in Arts faculties (atthe four ancient universities ) isthe Master of Arts (MA). This is equivalent to a BA from an English university. Professional Master's degrees
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