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Kaluza Klein theory(kaluzakleintheory,kaluzaklein theory,kaluza kleintheory)Kaluza-Klein theory (or KK theory, for short) is a model which unifies classical gravity and electromagnetism .It was discovered by the mathematician Theodor Kaluza that if general relativity is extended to a five-dimensional spacetime, theequations can be separated out into ordinary four-dimensional gravitation plus anextra set, which is equivalent to Maxwell's equations forthe electromagnetic field , plus an extra scalar field known as the " dilaton ". Oskar Klein proposed that the fourth spatial dimension is curled up in a circle of very small radius , i.e. that a particle moving a short distance along that axis would return to where it began.The distance a particle can travel before reaching its initial position is said to be the size of the dimension. This, in fact,also gives rise to quantization of charge , as waves directed along a finite axis can only occupy discrete frequencies. (This occurs because electromagnetism is a U(1) symmetry theory and U(1) is simply the group of rotations around a circle ). Kaluza-Klein theory can be extended to cover the other fundamentalforces - namely, the weak and strong nuclear forces - but a straightforward approach, if doneusing an odd dimensional manifold runs into difficulties involving chirality . The problem is that all neutrinos appear to be left-handed , meaning that they are spinning in the direction of the fingers of the left hand when they aremoving in the direction of the thumb. All anti-neutrinos appear to be right-handed. Somehow particle reactions are asymmetricwhen it comes to spin and it is not straightforward to build this into a Kaluza-Klein theory since the extra dimensions ofphysical space are symmetric with respect to left-hand spinning and right-hand spinning particles. But see Orbifold for one possible solution. Some physicists have speculated that in the early universe, cosmicinflation causes three of the space dimensions to expand to cosmological size while the remaining dimensions of spaceremained microscopic. Moreover the theory as it stands does not deal with quantum effects. However, the same approach to unification of forces istaken by some more modern theories, notably string theory and the related M-theory . Further reading
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